{
  "report_url": "https://farm-to-door.com/raw-milk-report-2026",
  "json_url": "https://farm-to-door.com/raw-milk-report-2026/summary.json",
  "csv_url": "https://farm-to-door.com/raw-milk-report-2026/summary.csv",
  "embed_url": "https://farm-to-door.com/embed/raw-milk-laws-map",
  "as_of": "2026-06-21",
  "generated_date": "2026-07-04",
  "source": "farm-to-door directory export, farms tagged raw-milk, with legal classifications from the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund.",
  "methodology": [
    "A raw-milk farm is a directory record tagged raw-milk (sells raw fluid milk or raw dairy). Counts come from the farm-to-door directory export.",
    "Per-capita figures use 2024 US Census state population estimates. States with fewer than 3 raw-milk farms are omitted from the per-capita ranking only.",
    "Legal tier is the current consumer status of raw milk for human consumption, classified from the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund. Laws change often; verify with the state Department of Agriculture."
  ],
  "national": {
    "raw_milk_farms": 9221,
    "states_and_dc": 51,
    "raw_milk_farms_per_100k": 2.71,
    "retail_legal_states": 16,
    "banned_or_pet_food_states": 9,
    "herd_share_only_states": 5
  },
  "states": [
    {
      "abbr": "CA",
      "name": "California",
      "slug": "california",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with licensing",
      "raw_milk_farms": 699,
      "per_100k": 1.77
    },
    {
      "abbr": "PA",
      "name": "Pennsylvania",
      "slug": "pennsylvania",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with permitting",
      "raw_milk_farms": 667,
      "per_100k": 5.1
    },
    {
      "abbr": "VA",
      "name": "Virginia",
      "slug": "virginia",
      "legal_tier": "pet_food",
      "status_label": "Pet food only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 550,
      "per_100k": 6.24
    },
    {
      "abbr": "FL",
      "name": "Florida",
      "slug": "florida",
      "legal_tier": "pet_food",
      "status_label": "Pet food only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 477,
      "per_100k": 2.04
    },
    {
      "abbr": "CO",
      "name": "Colorado",
      "slug": "colorado",
      "legal_tier": "herd_share",
      "status_label": "Herd-share only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 430,
      "per_100k": 7.22
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MO",
      "name": "Missouri",
      "slug": "missouri",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "On-farm and off-farm legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 381,
      "per_100k": 6.1
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NY",
      "name": "New York",
      "slug": "new-york",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm only with license",
      "raw_milk_farms": 349,
      "per_100k": 1.76
    },
    {
      "abbr": "TX",
      "name": "Texas",
      "slug": "texas",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm and delivery legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 340,
      "per_100k": 1.09
    },
    {
      "abbr": "WA",
      "name": "Washington",
      "slug": "washington",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with licensing",
      "raw_milk_farms": 321,
      "per_100k": 4.03
    },
    {
      "abbr": "IN",
      "name": "Indiana",
      "slug": "indiana",
      "legal_tier": "pet_food",
      "status_label": "Pet food only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 266,
      "per_100k": 3.84
    },
    {
      "abbr": "TN",
      "name": "Tennessee",
      "slug": "tennessee",
      "legal_tier": "herd_share",
      "status_label": "Herd-share only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 262,
      "per_100k": 3.63
    },
    {
      "abbr": "OH",
      "name": "Ohio",
      "slug": "ohio",
      "legal_tier": "herd_share",
      "status_label": "Herd-share only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 240,
      "per_100k": 2.02
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MI",
      "name": "Michigan",
      "slug": "michigan",
      "legal_tier": "herd_share",
      "status_label": "Herd-share only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 235,
      "per_100k": 2.32
    },
    {
      "abbr": "ME",
      "name": "Maine",
      "slug": "maine",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with licensing",
      "raw_milk_farms": 222,
      "per_100k": 15.8
    },
    {
      "abbr": "AR",
      "name": "Arkansas",
      "slug": "arkansas",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm sales legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 218,
      "per_100k": 7.06
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NC",
      "name": "North Carolina",
      "slug": "north-carolina",
      "legal_tier": "herd_share",
      "status_label": "Herd-share only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 213,
      "per_100k": 1.93
    },
    {
      "abbr": "GA",
      "name": "Georgia",
      "slug": "georgia",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm legal with permit",
      "raw_milk_farms": 209,
      "per_100k": 1.87
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MD",
      "name": "Maryland",
      "slug": "maryland",
      "legal_tier": "illegal",
      "status_label": "Illegal for human consumption",
      "raw_milk_farms": 196,
      "per_100k": 3.13
    },
    {
      "abbr": "OR",
      "name": "Oregon",
      "slug": "oregon",
      "legal_tier": "restricted",
      "status_label": "On-farm cow milk; goat and sheep retail",
      "raw_milk_farms": 194,
      "per_100k": 4.54
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NH",
      "name": "New Hampshire",
      "slug": "new-hampshire",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail and direct-to-consumer legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 184,
      "per_100k": 13.06
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NJ",
      "name": "New Jersey",
      "slug": "new-jersey",
      "legal_tier": "pet_food",
      "status_label": "Pet food only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 171,
      "per_100k": 1.8
    },
    {
      "abbr": "VT",
      "name": "Vermont",
      "slug": "vermont",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm and delivery legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 170,
      "per_100k": 26.23
    },
    {
      "abbr": "SC",
      "name": "South Carolina",
      "slug": "south-carolina",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with permitting",
      "raw_milk_farms": 162,
      "per_100k": 2.96
    },
    {
      "abbr": "ID",
      "name": "Idaho",
      "slug": "idaho",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with permitting",
      "raw_milk_farms": 161,
      "per_100k": 8.05
    },
    {
      "abbr": "OK",
      "name": "Oklahoma",
      "slug": "oklahoma",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm sales up to 1,500 gal/month",
      "raw_milk_farms": 146,
      "per_100k": 3.57
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MN",
      "name": "Minnesota",
      "slug": "minnesota",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 142,
      "per_100k": 2.45
    },
    {
      "abbr": "KY",
      "name": "Kentucky",
      "slug": "kentucky",
      "legal_tier": "restricted",
      "status_label": "Goat milk only with prescription",
      "raw_milk_farms": 136,
      "per_100k": 2.96
    },
    {
      "abbr": "AZ",
      "name": "Arizona",
      "slug": "arizona",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with permitting",
      "raw_milk_farms": 130,
      "per_100k": 1.71
    },
    {
      "abbr": "KS",
      "name": "Kansas",
      "slug": "kansas",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 123,
      "per_100k": 4.14
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MA",
      "name": "Massachusetts",
      "slug": "massachusetts",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm legal with permit",
      "raw_milk_farms": 116,
      "per_100k": 1.63
    },
    {
      "abbr": "CT",
      "name": "Connecticut",
      "slug": "connecticut",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with licensing",
      "raw_milk_farms": 109,
      "per_100k": 2.97
    },
    {
      "abbr": "IL",
      "name": "Illinois",
      "slug": "illinois",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 99,
      "per_100k": 0.78
    },
    {
      "abbr": "IA",
      "name": "Iowa",
      "slug": "iowa",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm legal with herd-share allowed",
      "raw_milk_farms": 88,
      "per_100k": 2.72
    },
    {
      "abbr": "WI",
      "name": "Wisconsin",
      "slug": "wisconsin",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm incidental only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 83,
      "per_100k": 1.39
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MT",
      "name": "Montana",
      "slug": "montana",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "Small dairy and delivery legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 82,
      "per_100k": 7.21
    },
    {
      "abbr": "AL",
      "name": "Alabama",
      "slug": "alabama",
      "legal_tier": "illegal",
      "status_label": "Illegal for human consumption",
      "raw_milk_farms": 76,
      "per_100k": 1.47
    },
    {
      "abbr": "UT",
      "name": "Utah",
      "slug": "utah",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with varying restrictions",
      "raw_milk_farms": 75,
      "per_100k": 2.14
    },
    {
      "abbr": "WY",
      "name": "Wyoming",
      "slug": "wyoming",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail and direct sales legal (Food Freedom)",
      "raw_milk_farms": 69,
      "per_100k": 11.75
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NE",
      "name": "Nebraska",
      "slug": "nebraska",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 67,
      "per_100k": 3.34
    },
    {
      "abbr": "LA",
      "name": "Louisiana",
      "slug": "louisiana",
      "legal_tier": "pet_food",
      "status_label": "Pet food only",
      "raw_milk_farms": 58,
      "per_100k": 1.26
    },
    {
      "abbr": "DC",
      "name": "District of Columbia",
      "slug": "district-of-columbia",
      "legal_tier": "illegal",
      "status_label": "Illegal for human consumption",
      "raw_milk_farms": 49,
      "per_100k": 6.98
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NM",
      "name": "New Mexico",
      "slug": "new-mexico",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with licensing",
      "raw_milk_farms": 39,
      "per_100k": 1.83
    },
    {
      "abbr": "ND",
      "name": "North Dakota",
      "slug": "north-dakota",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm, farmers market, and delivery legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 38,
      "per_100k": 4.77
    },
    {
      "abbr": "WV",
      "name": "West Virginia",
      "slug": "west-virginia",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 38,
      "per_100k": 2.15
    },
    {
      "abbr": "AK",
      "name": "Alaska",
      "slug": "alaska",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with registration",
      "raw_milk_farms": 37,
      "per_100k": 5
    },
    {
      "abbr": "MS",
      "name": "Mississippi",
      "slug": "mississippi",
      "legal_tier": "restricted",
      "status_label": "Goat milk only on-farm",
      "raw_milk_farms": 35,
      "per_100k": 1.19
    },
    {
      "abbr": "DE",
      "name": "Delaware",
      "slug": "delaware",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm and direct distribution legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 27,
      "per_100k": 2.57
    },
    {
      "abbr": "SD",
      "name": "South Dakota",
      "slug": "south-dakota",
      "legal_tier": "on_farm",
      "status_label": "On-farm and delivery legal",
      "raw_milk_farms": 22,
      "per_100k": 2.38
    },
    {
      "abbr": "RI",
      "name": "Rhode Island",
      "slug": "rhode-island",
      "legal_tier": "restricted",
      "status_label": "Goat milk only with prescription",
      "raw_milk_farms": 9,
      "per_100k": 0.81
    },
    {
      "abbr": "HI",
      "name": "Hawaii",
      "slug": "hawaii",
      "legal_tier": "illegal",
      "status_label": "Illegal for human consumption",
      "raw_milk_farms": 6,
      "per_100k": 0.41
    },
    {
      "abbr": "NV",
      "name": "Nevada",
      "slug": "nevada",
      "legal_tier": "retail",
      "status_label": "Retail legal with restricted implementation",
      "raw_milk_farms": 5,
      "per_100k": 0.15
    }
  ],
  "per_capita_top": [
    {
      "rank": 1,
      "name": "Vermont",
      "abbr": "VT",
      "raw_milk_farms": 170,
      "per_100k": 26.23
    },
    {
      "rank": 2,
      "name": "Maine",
      "abbr": "ME",
      "raw_milk_farms": 222,
      "per_100k": 15.8
    },
    {
      "rank": 3,
      "name": "New Hampshire",
      "abbr": "NH",
      "raw_milk_farms": 184,
      "per_100k": 13.06
    },
    {
      "rank": 4,
      "name": "Wyoming",
      "abbr": "WY",
      "raw_milk_farms": 69,
      "per_100k": 11.75
    },
    {
      "rank": 5,
      "name": "Idaho",
      "abbr": "ID",
      "raw_milk_farms": 161,
      "per_100k": 8.05
    },
    {
      "rank": 6,
      "name": "Colorado",
      "abbr": "CO",
      "raw_milk_farms": 430,
      "per_100k": 7.22
    },
    {
      "rank": 7,
      "name": "Montana",
      "abbr": "MT",
      "raw_milk_farms": 82,
      "per_100k": 7.21
    },
    {
      "rank": 8,
      "name": "Arkansas",
      "abbr": "AR",
      "raw_milk_farms": 218,
      "per_100k": 7.06
    },
    {
      "rank": 9,
      "name": "District of Columbia",
      "abbr": "DC",
      "raw_milk_farms": 49,
      "per_100k": 6.98
    },
    {
      "rank": 10,
      "name": "Virginia",
      "abbr": "VA",
      "raw_milk_farms": 550,
      "per_100k": 6.24
    },
    {
      "rank": 11,
      "name": "Missouri",
      "abbr": "MO",
      "raw_milk_farms": 381,
      "per_100k": 6.1
    },
    {
      "rank": 12,
      "name": "Pennsylvania",
      "abbr": "PA",
      "raw_milk_farms": 667,
      "per_100k": 5.1
    },
    {
      "rank": 13,
      "name": "Alaska",
      "abbr": "AK",
      "raw_milk_farms": 37,
      "per_100k": 5
    },
    {
      "rank": 14,
      "name": "North Dakota",
      "abbr": "ND",
      "raw_milk_farms": 38,
      "per_100k": 4.77
    },
    {
      "rank": 15,
      "name": "Oregon",
      "abbr": "OR",
      "raw_milk_farms": 194,
      "per_100k": 4.54
    }
  ]
}